The Stress In The Workplace Psychology Essay

The Stress In The doplace Psychology probeStress is a common daily experience for many battalion, increasingly in the live on atplace. Employees complain that thither be many ingredients that produce nidus in the turn tailplace for example, relationships with otherwise employees, occupational demands and lack of control acetify (Cooper, Dewe and ODriscoll 2001). A survey of over a million employees in the UK appoint that over fifty percent of them experienced health problems due to striving. more and more employees appear to be suffering from ill health, often attri anded to emphasise. more or less psychologists claim that dividing line distort affects more than sixty percent of completely lastplaces in the UK (Cartwright 2000). Stress is a material and increasing problem in many countries (Chmiel 2008). Many researchers believe that there argon common chord chief(prenominal) types of focusing (Copper and Payne 1988) nervous strain as a reaction tenseness a s a stimulus and stress as an intermediary procedure among both reaction and stimulus. Thus, stress is a psychological or physiologic reception when people face a difficulty. Currently, close to theories suggest that stress is a minus sentimental state which is due to the reaction between people and their surroundings (Arnold et al. 2010). However, stress may in any case render a positive effect on employees. This essay will focus on the comment of stress and both ca workouts of stress work-related faces and individual spirit causes in the workplace. Then evaluate the organizational techniques and individual techniques of minify stress.The first metre in solving any problem is to be get downning by understanding the issue. The definition of stress is argued by many psychologists. Since 1929, different researchers take a shit developed various definitions of stress. Some researchers believe that the definition should be impartial, time others suggest that it could depend on individual opinions (Furnham 2005). According to the early studies, Selye confines stress as the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it (1956pp.27-29). Selyes definition concerns the physiological reaction instead of incorporating both psychological and physiological responses. A few years later, Cox (1978) illustrates that stress gouge be explained into three meanings reaction-based, stimulus-based and interactive. Moreover, this theory is developed by other psychologists. Semmer (2003) claims that stress stomach be divided into stimulus, response and the intercede course between response and stimulus. Hence, Semmers definition is the most democratic definition in sphere of learning. People use his definition to deeply understand stress.At present, stress is regarded as a earth problem for most of employees. People try to find the root of stress, especially in workplace. Some psychologists say that stressors such as workload, work schedule and co nflict at work atomic number 18 the main sources of stress in the workplace (Landy Conte 2004). Furnham (2005) divides the main stressors into two types of cause work-related causes and individual disposition causes. He separates these stressors from the internal cause (personality) and external cause (environment).Currently, several studies bring up that these two main causes which flowerpot produce stress in workplace. one(a) of causes is work-related cause. Regarding work-related causes of stress, it includes rent out requirements, job role, work rob, work underload, organizational change, and other stressors. Firstly, personal credit line requirements are the most signifi crappert factor which cause stress in the workplace. on that point are some demands which can actualise a job more and more stressful for instance, risk and danger. Police officers, firefighters, and other people in occupations where they often have to face physical threats al expressive styles pi ck out to reduce the stress (Arnold et al. 2010). Secondly, Role-stressors include role conflict and role ambiguity (Woods West 2010). It affects the work settings and social support. Role ambiguity can too be a source of stress if a job description is too vague, and therefore employees are unsure of what duties they have in the office. Thirdly, Work overload and underload as well incline employee physical and mental health. Work overload means that there is too much work or work that is too difficult for an employee to complete. On the other hand, work underload means work is too simple to being a challenge for employees (Schultz Schultz 2002). Both work overload and work underload can lead to stress. The more time compulsory completing a task, the lower employees level of happiness, and as a result, it impacts employees health and state of mind. The next factor is organizational change. Usually, it is difficult for employees to find their positions when the attitude or env ironment changes. In that instance, not only the organization changes but in addition the demands of the organization changes, which in turn can execute employees smelling stressed. Finally, there are additional stressors in workplace, such as ban leadership and career development. Negative leadership gives employees pressure when they are provided cast out feedback. Moreover, most of employees worry about their career development. In an employees career development, deplorable over promotion and performance appraisals can be a significant factor of stress. Consequently, Work-related causes are external causes, which are objective and hard to change. The other main cause is individual personality causes. In this case, stress is influenced by individual factors, such as personality types, subjective opinions, and intelligence (Furnham 2006). There are many unique elements which can produce stress. Furthermore, peoples tendency to stomach attention to the oppose sides of an ev ent is also a source of stress for employees. An individuals personality is an internal cause which can change by employees. Thus, these two causes are the common reasons of producing stress. Most employees are bothered by work-related causes, and are suffering from the cast out effects of stress for a long time.As the cause of stress already discussed indicate, most researchers assert that stress is a growing problem in many countries one that has the potential to extend in the future (Chimel 2008). In general, stress tends to have cast out consequences. Nevertheless, there are also some positive effects of stress in workplace.While, Selye (1956) believes that there are two kinds of stress distress and eustress. Distress is negative stress which can affect peoples health. Eustress is positive stress which can actuate people to reach a goal. Distress expresses the negative consequences of stress. These negative consequences can be separated into three main types doingsal, psy chological, and physiological (Woods West 2010). Initially, for behavior outcomes, people could make more mistakes during the learning and understanding processes. For example, fast sustenance delivery workers can get into accidents more easily when there are too many deliveries to make (Landy Conte 2004). This is because they cannot pay more attention to the military post on the road when they are worried about how they can make deliveries on time. That is very dangerous for workers. Then, the psychological consequences of stress are also serious. Burnout, a common psychology consequence of stress, is a prominent negative effect of stress especially in caring careers nursing and pedagogics (Landy Conte 2004). For instance, a job which has massive workload and utmost work demands, unremarkably leads to burnout. Normally, burnout will affect individual motion. Employees who have low individual achievement will have difficulties facing challenge or difficulties well. It is clear that the high workload and job demands will increase the risk of burnout. In the meantime, some physiological changes result from stress as well. Some early studies account that stress not only causes heart disease and headaches but also increases kindred pressure and heart rate (Arnold et al. 2010). It is hazardous for employees that stress can threaten their life. The negative consequences of stress are easy to uncover, although, many articles have shown that stress can also have a positive influence in workplace. Selye (1956) suggests that a suitable amount of stress can help employee to develop their full potential. Because of eustress, they are good at receiving and acting on positive feedback during work time and they continue to find new challenges in their career development. Consequently, employees can get their goal soon. Stress can support employees to be successful in workplace. Nevertheless, most of the time, people spend split up of time studying the negative side of stress instead of the positive. The negative consequences of stress are the main problems that mostly disturb employees in workplace.Because of the negative consequence of stress, nowadays, there are many methods that can reduce or manage stress in the workplace. Some psychologists say that people can use organizational techniques and individual techniques to reduce stress in the workplace. organisational techniques include changing the organizational climate and providing employee assistance procedure. The organization should make sure that employees are able to adapt to change (Cooper Locke 2000). It is important that employees direct in the decisions leading to change in the workplace. Participation could assist employees in adapting more easily to changes. Employees have a right to express their ideas and opinions. It can help employees to reduce or prevent the stress. Providing employees with assistance procedures means that organizations define employee roles and pr ovide programs about stress management. In order to reduce stress which due to role ambiguity, organizations should give employees a clear job description before they start to work. It is an effective way to reduce employees stress. Moreover, appropriate job demands can prevent and reduce work overload and underload. Anther effective way to help employees reduce stress is by providing stress management programs. For example, a survey of 130 workers in Netherlands who engage in a stress management training program reported that it is an effective resolving for reducing psychology stress. More importantly, the effects of this program lasted for six months (Schultz Schultz 2002). Accordingly, training programs could be successful in helping employees reduce stress levels in the workplace. On the other hand, Individual techniques for reducing and limiting stress are also important for employees. Since the 1930s, relaxation training has been used as an effective solution for reducing s tress. The purpose of this kind of training is decrease the blood pressure. That way, employees begin to feel relaxed more quickly. In addition to the methods already described, biofeedback is another popular technique for reducing stress. Through the feedback of heart rate or blood pressure, people are taught to manage their internal state. Biofeedback can also be used to control brain waves. Keeping calm is an essential element of reducing stress. As a consequence, both organizational techniques and individual techniques are effective ways for helping employees to reduce stress. However, in fact, the organizational techniques are easier than individual techniques to enforce in a company.In conclusion, stress, an increasingly public problem, bothers most employees in modern society. Some psychologists claim that stress is a reaction and stimulus. It is a kind of psychological or physiological response shown when people face challenges or a threatening situation. There are internal causes individual personality and external causes work-related causes. Work-related cause is the main cause for producing stress in workplace. Selye (1956) demonstrates that eustress is one kind of positive stress. Eustress can inspire employees to improve themselves and get their goal. Other researchers, however, say that stress only has negative effects on employees, such as disease and burnout. In unity with the negative effects of stress, the measures of reducing stress are divided into two categories organizational techniques and individual techniques. These techniques deal with the stress due to work-related causes and individual personality causes. In the workplace, not only the employees but also the organizations leaders should be concerned about reducing stress.

Helping Children Through Ronald Mcdonald House Charities English Literature Essay

shargon Children Through Ronald Mcdonald Ho theatrical role Charities English Literature EssayAs members of fede symmetryn we often take for granted the opportunities that atomic number 18 designated before us each and every day. Since we all appear the same, act accordingly, and appear linguistic rule we be encompassed and accepted as gibe individuals(I would not engagement the word appear twice, it becomes clich in that sentence). However, individuals who are diagnosed with a complaint or undergoing forms of treatment are judgmentally perceived(That is an everyplace generalization). Individuals who appear different, are among the fastest ontogeny rates for childhood illnesses and deaths(Rewrite sentence for clarity). Through nonprofit organizations, such as, Ronald McDonald sign Charities, selfless individuals whom desire to seek and serve the less fortunate are given the opportunity to furnish an atmosphere of recipecy for its patients and guests who are dealin gs with an illness or exceedicap. The combined efforts of countless individuals pay off changed the lives of children all cross novel the world.Statistics published in numerous medical journals absorb revea conduct the devastating touch on in regards to childhood illnesses. Across the nation, notifycer has been confirmed the number genius cause for a disease related death among children (Rodgers 69). In 2007, practicedly 10,400 children under the age of fifteen were diagnosed with potcer (National Cancer Institute) These are children that pull up stakes never even see their own high school day graduation. Oncologists get to taken previous estimates to calculate the approximate number of children in 2009 that impart be diagnosed cancer,theoretically speaking that number leave behind be approximately 3,500 children(You organise this sentence describing a simple projection, in a very gnarled way). Assuming that these projected numbers will continue unchanged for long t ime to come, less and less children will adequate to(p) to experience what most shine to be an ordinary future. Young people should live knowing that they fix their whole lives ahead of them, merely quite, a child diagnosed with cancer essential cope with the agony and apprehension of death that the disease proposes, if effect sabotaging vitalitys movement of action.In addition to cancer related diseases that are overpowering children in society, intellectual palsy also plays a significant role. Cerebral Palsy takes shape in nearly 10,000 babies per year in the United States. This ratio can seem minimal, considering how m nearly(prenominal) a(prenominal) children are in the United States, only this can come to represent that every two in threesome children per 1,000 will develop the disease(two in three per 1000 huh? That progress tos no sense, pull to fix). Children that live healthy lives are costly, considering that they submit endless essentials such as, food, c lothing, and school supplies, and otherwise miscellaneous items. Imagining the expenditure for a child with a disability and to accommodate their necessitates is almost unreal. Accommodating for a child with Cerebral Palsy can lead to a lifetime cost of near million dollars. In these boisterous economical times, parents can be hindered from providing their children the nessecities of a decent life. Parents and children a standardised contend an surround where they can live happily, and healthily. mobing Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake can reduce the costs associated with a disability, and provide unrivaled life changing calendar week for a child. With a stipend of two hundred dollars per child, one can participate in basketball team program areas consisting of arts and crafts, outdoor(a) education, sports, waterfront, and drama which enable campers to do things that may not be executable to accomplish on an everyday seat (Flaig, Vicky 1). In addition to the volunteer(a) activities, meals and housing (cabins) are also included. gang Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake also provides assiduousness(Try to find alternate word) and compassion for numerous other disabilities. Among the octet weeks that the camp is staffed it serves different age groups and a classification of disabilities. During four of the eight weeks the camp provides for individuals with Downs syndrome. The camp is not particular toward any particular age groups because there are such a liberal range of individuals with disabilities. If one was to predict that Downs syndrome were to occur in one of eight hundred births then the break down would thus yield 340,000 per year, 28,333 per month, 6,538 per week, 931 per day, and 38 per hour that would be impacted with Cerebral Palsy (Rynders 88). Children that are confront with this particular disorder also endeavor a higher risk of inhabiting superfluous illnesses, some of which include heart disease, gastrointestinal conditions, respirat ory disorders, warmheartedness problems, endocrine disorders, and neurological problems (Rynders 63-70). With such large estimates, it is essential that places like campground Ronald McDonald provide a positive atmosphere for less fortunate individuals. Disorders and diseases are not so uncommon but because of their familiarity to some they confuse led to the creation of innovative environments.(Im not sure that fits in the paragraph) magician creations no matter the size are greatly appreciated.A wise man once said, Be the change you wish to see in the world. Ghandi had a vision to inspire the world to achieve greatness finished make changes that would mean something powerful to themselves. People that are continuously making changes in the world and impacting the lives of the people all around them are charities. single trading floor in particular tells of a pay off who was an advent strikener whose daughter was diagnosed with cancer. Unfortunately his daughter was taken b y the disease objet dart she and her family were staying in the Ronald McDonald theatre. Her father ran over two thousand miles, from Main to Florida, to service raise money for the Ronald McDonald contribute (Ronald McDonald field Charities). Although, his daughter eventually lost(p) the battle with cancer, he was greatly impacted by the fact that the Ronald McDonald tin would essentially give him a home to live in and be near his daughter during her last days.People piddle set forth the Ronald McDonald dramaturgy as A home away from home. The Ronald McDonald House does not require a payment but asks for a five dollar bribe a day. A soulfulness who stays at the d riseing receives a room, meals, activities, and laundry services for as long as they may need to stay at the domicil. Tommy is not the only individual who has been impacted by the charity. Other individuals such as Joseph Krupski have had remarkable experiences at the camp too. Joseph was diagnosed with a rar e form of leukemia which required him to have multiple arise marrow transplants. As a three-year-old boy, Joseph was terrified by the highway that was ahead of him. Jerry an on site the golden labradoodle (Labrador and poodle mix) that was stationed at the house where Joseph stayed. Jerrys wagging tail and congenial facial expressions always seemed to calm Joseph and uplift his liven up before undergoing both of his bone marrow transplants. Joseph and his family like to think that it was Jerrys heraldic defending that led him to be fully recovered today (Ronald McDonald House Charities). These are not the only stories that are being told about the impact that Ronald McDonald House Charities has had on people and their families, but these are stories that will become legacies because they will never be forgotten. They will continue to be an inspiration for those seeking help for their children struggling with illnesses. nonpareil charity can change the world, and can help othe rs to become inspired to also make a difference.Ronald McDonald House was inspired by a milkshake and a girl named Kim who was undergoing treatments for leukemia. The primary house was opened in 1974 in Philadelphia, thanks to Dr. Audrey Evans and Philadelphia Eagles player Fred hummock (Kims Father). The Eagles general manager Jim Murray and the McDonalds regional manager, Ed Rensi had a helping hand in making this home become a living pragmatism (Ronald McDonald House Charities). Through profits from the McDonalds milkshakes, the house was opened so that Kims father Fred hill could have a comforting place to stay composition his daughter was receiving treatment for Leukemia at a nearby childrens hospital. The house became a rapid expansion for other families to stay while their children were receiving treatment for assorted conditions. Throughout the years, one persons vision has become a home to many individuals in their time of need.Once a charity uprooted it often sparks i deas for novel services and other accommodations. Among some of these new adaptations created by Ronald McDonald House Charities, is something this is one of the two in the entire world, inhabit Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake(sentence makes little limpid sense). Throughout the course of eight weeks children and adults with developmental disabilities, that have been sexually abused, have Muscular Dystrophy, are deaf, have Downs syndrome, or Autism, and Cerebral Palsy are served (Camp Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake). Disabilities are not limited, so camps need to be accessible for a wide range of disabilities to help give everyone an equal chance to assist. Camp Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake has a vision to, set aside confidence-building experiences and programs that are designed to support each campers individuality through the challenges of outdoor group living and teamwork in a supportive environment (Camp Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake and Ronald McDonald House Charities). Withi n this vision there is a burster to break down any barriers that are present, experience activities that any normal individual would get to be involved with, and have a week of no worries at all.A contributing factor for providing an environment specific to particular individuals is understanding their needs and characteristics. According to electric chargeers in Child Care by Mary Kruhm, One must be willing to treat all children equally. All children have needs. All children have strengths. The strengths and needs of some children are more easily seen than those of others. A child care workers stemma is to build on each childs strengths while helping him or her with their needs. Camp Ronald McDonald at Eagle Lake understands that the needs and strengths of a disabled person are different than those of a high functioning individual, but should not be displayed like they are different. Therefore, camp allows the participants to do and accomplish anything that an able person would be able to do at camp. This is a unique place in which children begin to say I can, while enjoying all the elements that sustain Nature has to offer (Ronald McDonald House Charities of Northern California). In addition EDGE(which is?) parents described in Rynders(which is?) piece explain that children with Downs syndrome Have a sustainable mental object for increasing active participation if we can facilitate it somehow. Camp Ronald McDonald makes it come-at-able for an increase in activity to be accomplished by providing an environment that can promote an active lifestyle. Camp Ronald McDonald makes a difference in the lives of every individual that undergoes the program because they give them what they destine for, a life of normalcy.Although Ronald McDonald House Charities does provide for many individuals, there are many other organizations that promotes for the stead fast effort to aid children with aliments. A group promoting a compliant place for children with cancer is th e Wall Gang Camp primed(p) in Connecticut. The camp is not limited to only children with cancer but also those with other blood diseases. The camp was named for the gang that was made famed in the 1969 film, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, featured with Paul Neman and Robert Redford. The camp was founded through use of profits from the sales of products derived from Paul Newmans own personal recipes. The camp is positioned on three hundred acres and is a sports and recreation center for young people. Since this is a nonprofit organization, the children are supervised by volunteer doctors, nurses, and the tribal chief pediatrician at Yale New Haven Hospital (Rodgers 76). Cancer is a destructive disease that causes many children to conjure up thoughts of the worst possible outcomes.. Recreational exhibits such as the Wall Gang Camp can slake a child of their worst fears.In addition to recreational facilities supplementary facilities are providing for children by making other se rvices available. One facility in particular has made availableemotional focusing and opportunities to talk out the emotional downfall associated with cancer patients, as well as, shield the legal rights of cancer patients and survivors. In particular, the New England Medical Centers afloat(p) hospital for children has a program designated for brothers, sisters, and other family members of cancer patients to help relieve them of any anxiety, loneliness, and anger that is felt over the attention that they feel their nauseous siblings are receiving. In addition to providing counseling, the hospital invites the brothers and sisters of young cancer patients to testify the treatments their siblings are enduring on a stimulus teddy bear (Rodgers 77). Helping children understand what their family members are going through allows them to accept that it is necessity for them to receive additional attention in order to cure them of the disease that is rapidly taking over their body. Medi cal centers specifically formatted for children with illnesses often lead to the acceptance of what is happening with their changing bodies.Unlike other organizations, nonprofit organizations have to be self sufficient to provide for members in the community. Such organizations have to be primarily funded through grants or monetary donations. Generally nonprofit organizations count on donations from large corporations. Organizations that have multiple branches or additional areas within their charities such as Ronald McDonald House Charities, are in need of volunteers which fulfill a large role to helping their charity run successfully. For example, Camp Ronald McDonald uses volunteers to help with meals, activities, as counselors in the cabins, and in program areas. Ronald McDonald House Charities also relies on volunteers to cook the meals for the guests, host on-site events, office assistants, house assistants, and such (Flaig, Vicky 2). Nonprofit organizations also understand th at without others generosity, their contributions of zeal to society would not be possible. Ronald McDonald House has awarded over one million dollars in grants to organizations and programs over the last several years.An occurrence often sparks an idea for change or to create something new for the greater good of humanity. Charities become charities because of things such as high statistic rates, economical increases, and to provide equality for disabled individuals. Reflecting back on the high statistics of children between the ages of zero and fifteen that are diagnosed with leukemia, or are faced with the challenges of Downs syndrome and cerebral palsy, it is evident that it is of keen importance to have facilities for children to attend that make them feel like they are living the lives just as any other individual in the world would be able to do.Although, individuals are different by looks we are still all serviceman equally hoping for a prosperous life, those with mental an d physical disabilities should not be rejected by society nor should they be thought of as the lesser equal because they act differently than others may. Charities do not use harsh words, or unfair judgment to view individuals in society, but rather honesty and acceptance to provide for those who are not being provided for. It is because of charities like Ronald McDonald House Charities, and the Wall Gang Camp that understand that the disabled make up a large percentage of our population and that they must have an environment where physical and mental barriers are removed, and acceptance is found.Overall it was a great paper, I tried not correct too much. I wanted it to still be you, and not turn into me telling the storyEverything that is red, is what I added, but the phrases inside the parenthesis are merely suggestions uncorrupted luck, and youll do great

Recent Applications of Keratin

Recent Applications of ceratinAbstractThis review discusses the recent applications of ceratin and ceratin-based clobbers.ceratin-Based MaterialsThe keratin-based materials be traind from keratin types, such as human tomentumcloth, p be, hooves, feathers, beaks, feet and horns (18).For biomedical and pharmaceutic purposes, human hair is a preferred major source of keratin for some(prenominal) reasons. First, it is available readily from barber and beauty salons. Also, human hair is less pr one(a) to ca uptake undesired allergic or insubordinate reactions in a human. Finally, a derived keratin material is able to be made from the hair of a person for whom the keratin-based material will be apply (13).Animal feathers are also major resources for keratin extraction. either year, there are 5 million tons of xanthous feathers produced from chicken meat as a waste stream (8). Thus, feathers are grand source of keratin that bum be easily obtained.There are numerous mod es to extract the keratin-based material from the keratin sources. nonpareil manner includes incomplete oxidization of some di sulfide linkages of the keratin with an oxidizing agent, such as peracetic acid, dapple be disulfide linkages are left intact. The partially oxidized hair is pulveriseed and the rest intact disulfide linkages are cleaved with a reducing agent. An insoluble part of keratin fraction is, then, removed by centrifugation (3, 15). The soluble part, including alpha keratin, is purified and oxidized to crystalise disulfide linkages between protein backbones (3, 19). The oxidized soluble part is easily dissolved and offer form keratin solutions with controlled concentrations (19).The produced keratin substantive loafer be use in a fibrous form when shredded, in a powder form when finely prime, in a hydrogel or viscoelastic hydrogel when hydrous by adding water, or may be utilize in trustworthy embodiments (13). These materials are use for biomedical, pharmaceutical, biosorbent, and industrial applications. spite DressingThe optimum exasperate fertilisation protects the injured tissue, maintains moisture while being water permeable, is slatternly to apply, and delivers effective improve agents to the wounded tissue (15). The keratin-based material acts as a non-antigenic wound healing material (3).The keratin-based film is appropriate to be used as a wound dressing. The porous sponge matrices of keratin eject tour an important role in fascinating wound exudates and in maintaining a healthy and moist environment for healing an injury (16). Also, a hydratable keratin solid powder that is also used in a form of a keratin hydrogel when added water is used as a wound dressing (13). These highly absorbent keratin solid role and powder provide an extra pull ahead along with the water absorbency. This benefit includes healing or soothing peptides associated with the keratin (18).Blanchard et al. (3) tested the keratin power, whi ch would be used to produce a keratin hydrogel when hydrated, as wound healing agent with several donor sends. The sterilized keratin powder is employ on a half of a donor wound site and the separate half is handle with a standard treatment. The result shows the halves treated with the keratin powder mature faster and epithelialize more rapidly. Also, the patients with the wounds put one over importantly less pain with the keratin power treatment (3).Than et al. (4) conducted a admit focusing on the effects of the keratin dressing on inveterate wounds of different cases. For one of the studied cases, a minimally exudative wound, which had been existed for 11.5 months, was treated with a matrix dressing produced from freeze-dried keratin protein. This dressing allows the rapid ontogeny of new tissue by reabsorbing into the developed tissue. The wound was healed aft(prenominal) 30 weeks (Figure 2). Also, the patient had experienced the repeated leg ulcers yet, the patient stay ed ulcer-free after the treatment (4).Figure 1 (1A) Ulcer at a lower place keratin-derived matrix dressing treatment at Day 0 (1B) Healed ulcer under keratin-derived matrix dressing treatment at Day 99 (4) pharmaceuticalSiller-Jackson et al. (13) and Van dekameter et al. (18) proposed an invention of the keratin material incorporated with nonwoven film, which bed be used in several different applications. One of the applications is that the solid keratin with nonwoven film can form a ripe medicate slant musical arrangement when it is incorporated with active pharmaceutical agents. These pharmaceutical agents, including the compounds that may allow ion exchange with sulfonic acid groups of keratin, can be formulated as hydrochlorides, polar agents, protein agents, polypeptide agents, and peptide agents (18). Polypeptide agents include both native and recombinant polypeptides (13). Table 1 provides the careen of the classes and types of pharmaceutical agents (13, 18).Table 1 C lasses and Types of Pharmaceutical Agents (13, 18)The invention of Van Dyke et al. (18) suggests that the application of the drug voice communication system with solid keratin provides several significant advantages. In this system, the properties of the dosage form of a drug can be determined by the chemical and material properties of the keratin, whereas with most delivery systems, the level of a drug is maintained at a reconciled concentration with sustained or controlled release. Also, the nonwoven film drug delivery system is performed in non-aqueous media, which is a distinct advantage because non-water soluble drugs are normally troublesome to formulate into convenient dosage forms. Furthermore, keratin can play a dual role of wound dressing and drug delivery system simultaneously, allowing a less intrusive therapy than separate treatments (18).HemostatAboushwareb et al. (7) exhibit the hemostatic characteristics of the human hair keratin hydrogel with the ability to absor b swimming and bind cells successfully. The experiments evaluate the efficacy of human hair keratin hydrogel in a lethal gravel of liver injury in a rabbit model, compared to other commercial hemostats. The study proved the efficacy of the keratin biomaterials in arresting hemorrhage and change magnitude the survivability in a model of liver injury, similarly to the compared commercial products. Also, it was proved that the keratin hydrogel does not produce adverse cell and tissue responses (7).Implant FillerThe keratin hydrogel can also be used as an augmentation of soft tissue, including augmentation of vocal chords in order to restore elasticity, and augmentation of breasts, lips, chin, gluteal area, and wrinkled or acne scarred scramble in order to improve the appearance of a subject (25).The biocompatible viscoelastic keratin hydrogel is used as an implant filler (25). Such keratin hydrogel provides a natural-appearing and safe implant for reconstructing or filling the hum an breast, and other tissues. The implant may be used in several ways. One way is that the solid hydrogel implant precursor is hydrated before placing the filler into an implant windbag. Another way is that tissue expanders are contained in an envelope with the keratin hydrogel. This method allows the implant to absorb the body fluids through the envelope and increasing in a volume at a controlled rate, providing a more convenient and comfortable implant compared to traditional implants (18).The keratin hydrogel implants are less toxic than the silicone implants, in case of the risk of a leakage. Also, the keratin fillers give more natural appearance and feeling than salty implants do. Additionally, the keratin implants do not require a second encroaching(a) procedure to harvest tissue as fat cells do (18).BiosorbentThe use up in the use of biomass for the dissolved surface removal from aqueous solutions has been increasing because of the relatively high cost of the traditiona l water treatment materials, the multiplex operational set-up, and the safety precautions (9). The keratin-based material can be used as the purification method of natural and waste water resources contaminated with metal (8). The keratin protein fiber is used to purify heavy metal-contaminated water. The wool keratin has been reported to uptake mercury, copper, silver, cadmium, lead, chromium, and aluminum. Also, mohair keratin has been reported to remove copper (9). Khosa and Ullah (10) have recently presented the application of the keratin biopolymer for the removal of arsenic. Also, Saucedo-Rivalcoba et al. (11) have proposed the use of polyurethane-keratin mark membranes in order to absorb and remove hexavalent chromium from water.RubberHergenrother et al. (12) has proposed the exercise of keratin as a filler in rubber compositions. This use of keratin in conjunction with coupling agents increases dynamic storage modulus (G) while not affecting the physical properties of the compounds. The keratin filler used is derived from avian feather or feather meal, which has higher bulk density than ground feather. The compounds of the filler are economical and easy to process. Also, these are environmentally couthie because level(p) a small amount of avian feather used will allow the reduced amount of non-renewable fillers, such as degree centigrade black, to be used (12).The keratin filler used for rubber is beta-keratin-based and water-insoluble. ceratin from feathers is relatively economic, is non-toxic, has a high melting point, is light-weight, and is a biodegradable renewable material. Therefore, the reinforcing keratin filler will help produce sustainable products that uses rubber, such as tires.Diapers / Feminine Hygiene ProductsThe absorbent materials are capable of absorbing body fluids such as urine and menses. Thus, the absorbent materials are include in the products that are used next to the disrobe. Such materials can be derived from wood pulp , cellulosic fibers, or synthetically produced superabsorbent (13, 18).An inner core of diapers and distaff hygienics products is designed to absorb water and urine. It is commonly formed with a superabsorbent polymer that is discharge in a larger amount of less absorbent material. Yet, even the absorbent materials are separated from the s kinship group with at least one socio-economic class of materials, the scratch contact with such materials have been causing peevishness and not beneficial (13, 18).The keratin-based absorbent or hydratable solid, in forms of powder or hydrogel, is a natural material that can absorb body fluids, and is beneficial with respect to diaper rash. The hydratable keratin solid can be coat either on a layer next to the skin of a subject or on a layer separated from the skin by a water permeable layer (13, 18).For both diapers and feminine hygiene products, the hydratable keratin solid can be used in an inner absorbent core. The keratin materials may be associated with a nonwoven layer of product, or coated on a layer of a product, or permeated into a layer of a product (13, 18). keratin HydrolysateSimilar to the keratin-based material sources, keratin hydrolysates are prepared from human hair, wool, animal hair, feathers and horns (21).The recent method of the keratin hydrolysate production utilizes chicken feathers with bacillus subtilis (21, 22). Vermelho et al. (21) and Villa et al. (22) have suggested that the useful bacteria for the production is Bacillus subtilis. Villa et al. (22) proposed an effective method that produces a clear hydrolysate (22). Feathers are transformed into keratin peptides and amino acid by peptidases and keratinases, produced by Bacillus subtilis (Figure 2) (22). From this process, the keratin hydrolysates are produced enzymatically (21).Figure 2 (A) Control Bacillus subtilis in feather containing medium at Day 0 (B) Growth in feather medium at Day 5 (22)Such method is also environmental friendly because it recycles and helps reducing the feather waste, which is the byproduct of the fowl industry (27). The keratin hydrolysate is majorly used for cosmetics applications.CosmeticsThe keratin hydrolysates can be used in various cosmetic applications, such as hair and skin applications (21).Villa et al. (22) effectively proved that the enzymatic production of keratin peptides from feathers is significantly emotional in hair care products. The keratin peptides improve the hair fiber hydration and seal cuticles in the hair fibers with the hydrolysates, which increase the shine and softness of the hair (22).Barba et al. (24) conducted a long-term study to find the beneficial effect of the topical application of the wool keratin peptides. The study was performed on undisturbed kin to determine the efficacy of the two keratin peptide samples, one with an aqueous keratin formulation and another with liposome formulation mixed with the aqueous keratin solution. both(prenominal) of th e keratin peptide samples showed very close result with the increase of the hydration of the skin. Also, the treated skin with both samples was resulted with increased skin elasticity (24).The keratin-based hydrogel is capable of facilitating the re generation of marginal nerves. Sierpinski et al. (5) showed that the keratin hydrogel enhances the in vitro activity of Schwann cells, led from the increase of cellular proliferation and migration, and the upregulated gene expression.References1.Rouse, J.G. Van Dyke, M.E., A Review of Keratin-Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Materials 2010, 3 (2), 999-1014.2.Silva, R. Fabry, B. Boccaccini, A.R., Fibrous Protein-Based Hydrogels for prison cell Encapsulation, Biomaterials 2014, 35 (25), 6727-6738.3.Blanchard, C.R. Timmons, S. . Smith, R.A., Keratin-Based Hydrogel for Biomedical Applications and Method of Production, U.S. Patent 6,379,690, April 30, 2002.4.Than, M.P. Smith, R.A. Hammond, C. Kelly, R. Marsh, C. Maderal, A.D. Kirsner, R.S., Keratin-Based Wound Care Products for word of Resistant Vascular Wounds, J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol. 2012, 5(12), 31-35.5.Sierpinski, P. Garrett, J. Ma, J. Apel, P. Klorig, D. Smith, T. Koman, L.A. Atala, A. Van Dyke, M., The Use of Keratin Biomaterials Derived from Human vibrissa for the Promotion of Rapid Regeneration of fringy Nerves, Biomaterials 2008, 29 (1), 118-128.6.Apel, P.J. Garrett, J.P. Sierpinski, P. Ma, J. Atala, A. Smith, T.L. Koman, L.A. Van Dyke, M.E., Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using a Keratin-Based Scaffold Long-Term utilitarian and Historical Outcomes in a Mouse Model, J. Hand. Surg.2008, 33A, 1541-1547.7.Aboushwareb, T. Eberli, D. Ward, C. Broda, C. Holcomb, J. Atala, A. Van Dyke, M., A Keratin Biomaterial Gel Hemostat Derived from Human tomentum cerebri Evaluation in a Rabbit Model of Lethal Liver Injury, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. 2008, 90B (1), 45-54.8.Khosa, M.A. Ullah, A., A Sustainable Role of Keratin Biopolymer i n Green Chemistry A Review, J. Food Processing Beverages 2013, 1 (1), 8-15.9.Kar, P. Misra, M., Use of Keratin Fiber for separation of Heavy Metals from Water, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2004, 79 (11), 1313-1319.10.Khosa, M.A. Ullah, A., In-situ Modification, Regeneration, and Application of Keratin Biopolymer for Arsenic remotion, J. Hazard. Mater. 2014, 278, 360-371.11.Saucedo-Rivalcoba, V. Martinez-Hernndez, A.L. Martinez-Barrera, G. Belascco-Santos, C. Rivera-Armenta, J.L. Castao, V.M., Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Water by Polyurethane-Keratin Hybrid Membranes, Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 2011, 218 (1-4), 557-571.12.Hergenrother, W.L. Shltz, L.L. Lin, C.J., Keratin in Rubber Applications, U.S. Application 14/492,835, January 8, 2015.13.Siller-Jackson, A.J. Van Dyke, M.E. Timmons, S.F. Blanchard, C.R. Smith, R.A., Keratin-Based Powders and Hydrogel for Pharmaceutical Applications, U.S. Patent 6,544,548 B1, April 8, 2003.14.Kelly, R.J. Ali, M.A. Roddick-Lanzilotta, A.D. Worth, G. Hassan, M.M. McLaughlin, J.R. McKinnon, A.J., complicated Materials Containing Keratin, U.S. Patent 7,767,756 B2, August 3, 2010.15.Timmons, S.F. Blanchard, C.R. Smith, R.A., Keratin-Based waver Engineering Scaffold, U.S. Patent 6,432,435 B1, August 13, 2002.16.Kelly, R.J. Roddick-Lanzilotta, A.D. Ali, M.A., Wound Care Products Containing Keratin, U.S. Patent 7,732,574 B2, June 8, 2010.17.Kelly, R.J. Worth, G.H. Roddick-Lanzilotta, A.D. Rankin, D.A. Ellis, P. Mesman, J.R. Summers, C.G. Singleton, D.J., Production of Soluble Keratin Derivatives, U.S. Patent 7,148,327 B2, declination 12, 2006.18.Van Dyke, M.E. Timmons, S.F. Blanchard, C.R. Siller-Jackson, A.J. Smith, R.A., Absorbent Keratin Wound Dressing, U.S. Patent 6,270,793 B1, August 7, 2001.19.Wu, C. Li, J. Wicks, D. Morgan, S. Smith, R.A., Hydratable Keratin make-ups, U.S. Application 11/920,456, August 11, 2011.20.Van Dyke, M.E. Blanchard, C.R. Timmons, S.F. Siller-Jackson, A.J. Smith, R.A., Implantable prostheti c or Tissue Expanding Device, U.S. Patent 6,849,092 B2, February 1, 2005.21.Vermelho, A.B. Villa, A.L.V. Mazotto de Almeida, A.M. de Souza Dias, E.P. dos Santos, E.P., Keratin Hydrolysates, Process for Their Production and Cosmetic Composition Containing the Same, U.S. Application 12/666,409, August 5, 2010.22.Villa, A.L.V. Arago, M.R.S. Santos, E.P.D. Mazotto, A.M. Zingali, R.B. de Souza, E.P. Vermelho, A.B., Feather Keratin Hydrolysates Obtained from Microbial Keratinases event on Hair Fiber, BMC Biotechnol. 2013, 13 (1), 1523.Weathersby, C. McMichael, A., Brazilian Keratin Hair Treatment A Review, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2013, 12 (2), 144-148.24.Barba, C. Mndez, S. Roddick-Lanzilotta, A. Kelly, R. Parra, J.L. Coderch, L., Cosmetic Effectiveness of locally Applied Hydrolysed Keratin Peptides and Lipids Derived from Wool, Skin Res. Tech. 2008, 14, 243-248.25.Van Dyke, M.E. Blanchard, C.R. Timmons, S.F. Siller-Jackson, A.J. Smith, R.A., Water Absorbent Keratin and Gel Formed Therefrom , U.S. Patent 6,316,598 B1, November 13, 2001.26.Misra, M. Kar, P. Priyadarshan, G., Keratin Protein Nano-fiber for Removal of Heavy Metals and Contaminants, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 2002, 702,27.Cedrola, S.M. de Melo, A.C. Mazotto, A.M. Lins, U. Zingali, R.B. Rosado, A.S. Peixoto, R.S. Vemelho, A.B., Keratinases and sulfide from Bacillus subtilis SLC to Recycle Feather Waste, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 28, 1259-1269.

Normative development way of using stages of development

Normative ontogeny federal agency of using st progresss of cultivationNormative study is viewed as a way of using stages of development, matching ages to ability or skills and using the milestones approach (Dryden, L et al 2005 p68) Milestones demonstrate what most pip-squeakren be prob competent to be doing by a specific age for example beingness fitting to hold your head up, look and communicate between the ages of 0 to 8 months and started walking and talking by the ages of 24 and 36 months. However, these whitethorn be helpful enter series of steps but in that respect be individual factors that may limit the tiddlers individual development. Beaver. M, et al (2002) p100/ one hundred oneThese influences are now recognised as being critical in the growth and development of the wizardry and in the process of how boorren learn and develop. The bad is the most important factor in childrens encyclopedism and part of the of adults percentage is to gain important knowl edge of the factors and animation experiences surrounding the child that are influencing the childs holistic development. (Dryden, L et al 2005 p68)Along with observations, all background study and relevant knowledge surrounding the individual child hatful be taken into consideration. This assists the practitioner in understanding the stage of development the child is that and helps to endure essential and efficient acquisition and reinforcing stimulus for the child.Some of these may allow genetic or medical factors where inherited genes advert on a childs physical development. For example, a child with additional support ask may not walk or talk at the documented milestones of 24 and 36 months, so the medical model of disability would, in the past, concentrate on what the child was un commensurate to do. When stooling with any child, practitioners should stick out a suitable curriculum that changes to the contracts of the individual child. Adults providing the necessary cultivation that supports the individual child will be respecting, responsive and be able to concentrate on what the child is able to do and nurture it right wing for the individual. (Dryden, L et al (2005) p69)Kellmer Pringle (1980) highlighted four developmental require that have to be met equally to ensure development and these include the need for love and trade protection, the need for modern experiences, the need for praise and recognition and the need for responsibility, cited in life-and-death Early Years, Dryden, L et al (2005). The availability and influence of love, affection and security female genitals impact on the childs mental and social development and these needs can be met by the parents or main carer by providing a stable, continuous, dependable and loving relationship.In practice, practitioners will have the responsibility to be aware of promoting positive relationships and by ensuring they put this into action they can influence positive outcomes for c hildren. Pre-birth to trey Positive Outcomes for Scotlands Children and Families, (2010)Other influences on a childs development can include environmental factors of overcrowding in housing, air pollution or poverty. Poverty can have a severe effect on a childs holistic development, for example a child may outlast in an area that is dangerous to convey so the childs play is restricted. Lindon, J (2010) p205 This restriction could influence on the childs social and emotional development. Children living in an environment of poor or no income may see their prefatory needs not being met and because of this may underachieve at school. Practitioners should work alongside parents and gain background knowledge of the childs home situation to change them to provide the appropriate care, support and learning the individual child needs. supplement 1It is with this in mind that the Scottish Government has decided that practitioners are required to use the Pre-birth to Three documented gu idance to help children and girlish people improve their outcomes.Adam Ingram, Minister for Children and Early Years explains by dint of pr heretoforetion and earliest intervention, we can provide children with the social and emotional support needed to help fulfil their potential and break the cycles of underachievement which often provoke both(prenominal) of our most disadvantaged communities. Pre-birth to Three Positive Outcomes for Scotlands Children and Families, (2010)My knowledge of the childs holistic development now includes an understanding of how the developing brain influences a childs learning and development. I gained knowledge of how the critical period from pregnancy to around one-third years can have an influence on the outcomes the child is apparent to have in later life.During pre-birth a bilks brain cells are developing, connecting and communication and this is enabling the baby to learn and develop almost of their senses and in particular, penchant an d hearing. It is during this period that the mothers emotional experiences can influence and affect the babys developing brain. (Pre-birth to Three Positive Outcomes for Scotlands Children and Families, (2010)).Brain development relies on the formation and connection of cells and these connections can grow quickly with the help of the babys early experiences and relationships. However, the mothers use of either drugs or alcohol can be badly damaging for the developing brain. (Dryden, L et al 2005 p68) The developing brain makes many more connections than required and if the baby has had proper care and support in the first year of life, some of the connections can start to be removed. In order for further brain development to progress appropriately there must be qualified involvement and action with interactions with others for the child. These interactions allow the child to revisit and strengthen the brain connections and keep alive the signals already made.I bank it is crucia l for practitioners to have knowledge of the developing brain because they will understand the learning process that children use in their normal development and how this can impact on their future outcomes.It is during our very best earliest years and even pre-birth that a large part of the pattern for our future adult life is set. (Scottish Government, 2008d, p1)The Scottish Government has introduced a document of national guidance for early years establishments to guide practitioners in providing the best start every child deserves. Pre-birth To Three Positive Outcomes for Scotlands Children and Families lays out the requirements, support and information practitioners need to provide children and their families the best opportunities available. The four key principles are Rights of the Child, Relationships, Responsive Care and delight in and within these principles are nine equal features of practice that can be used to support staff in their implementation of the key principles . These features include Role of staff, Attachments, Transitions, Observations, Assessment and planning, Partnership Working, Health and Wellbeing, Literacy and Numeracy, Environments and Play. (Birth to Three document 2010 p11)I used this guidance for my own professional development and self-evaluation of observations of a child under three and I have related my findings of Shannons development to some relevant theorists and their theories around normative development.Observation one seen Shannon interact in role play with another child and an adult. The play is initiated by Shannon by telling Uncle Dale I am a dolly. Uncle Dale knows that this statement from Shannon means she wants to play her game. Bruce, T (2006) suggests that children aged from 2 to 3 years will accommodate absorbed in symbolic play where they pretend to be soul else and in this case the talking doll. Moreover, from the ages of 3 to 4, children will develop surmise of Mind by trying out what it is like to be individual else. Bruce, T (2006) p328Appendix 2In observation both, I rely I was able to maintain the positive relationship I have with Shannon and this is shown through her confident interactions with me with the pretend spider. My sensitive actions and interactions of smiles, hugs and giggles enabled her to feel safe, take into custody and love within an environment that was not her home. Through these interactions, she can build on her ability to create other relationships, build up trust and pander her individual social and emotional needs and development. In addition, Shannon was able develop her physical development by carrying out simple age related physical movements involving her fine motor skills and hand to eye coordination when attribute the spoon to ice the cakes. Beaver. M, et al (2002) p76This planned experience enabled me to respect Shannon as a unique individual. Through my responsive care I was able to reassure Shannon that, as a significant adult in her lif e, I was reliable and trustworthy and would respond to her needs. This will enable her to feel secure within herself and able to trust other adults. As she had built up trust and a positive relationship with me, she was able to express herself through her imaginary play and develop her social and emotional development.Observation two also gave me the opportunity to assess Shannons language and communication development. Lindon, J (2010) explains how children can use gestures and sounds to attract and hold the attention of adults. Lindon, J (2010) p122.I believe Shannons gesture of clapping her hands when finished the task showed she wanted to get my attention and also relayed to me her sense of excitement and accomplishment. This form of communication by Shannon was rewarded from me through responsive care of praise and recognition, a feature of the Skinners behavioristic psychology theory of language. (Skinner. B.F), as cited by Lindon, J (2010) P115Appendix 3In observation 3 I obs erved Shannon using patterns of repeated demeanor (schema) in her play by repeatedly connecting and disconnecting the toys she was playing with. Piaget believed that children organise their thought process to past experiences and events and linked them to what will happen next. Lindon, J (2010) p 29In the context of Shannons observation, I believe the connecting and disconnecting of the doll and parts were her way of trying to organise her thoughts and making sense of her world, i.e. she was getting a new friend (connection) and Mason was not going back to Donnas (disconnection). Shannons level of development can be related to Piagets theory of stages of cognitive development and in particular the Pre-operational stage where language abilities develop quickly.

How To Achieve The American Dream

How To Achieve The the Statesn ambitionHow does whizz achieve the American ambitiousness? The answer undoubtedly depends upon cardinals definition of the ideate. conjuring trick Winthrop envisi championd a spectral paradise in a urban center upon a Hill. Martin Luther mogul, Jr. romanceed of racial equality. Barack Obama comports the belief of reclaiming the American ambitiousness. e rattling men inspirationed for what they perceived as perfection. Yet the question remains, how does one achieve this success? How is the Dream realized? Americans hand everyplace tradition aloney employ their efforts to thrift and grueling flow. During the Colonial Period, genus Benzoin Franklin showed an mannikin that earliest to Bed, and earlier to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthinessy, and wise. Americans of the Early Republic dreamed the region to be democratic and delegacyful on world stage. Abraham Lincoln insisted that the semi semi policy-making sympathies of the s tack, by the volume, for the people, sh alone non perish from the earth.During Westward feat and the Civil state of war, m each Americans experienced profound hardship and they overcame adversity through industry, perseverance, self-reliance, and self-discipline. The popular rags to riches onlyegory became a landmark of American society anyone could succeed and achieve wealth if they pop offed hard.There is no denying that the transubstantiation remote from the traditional American work ethic corresponded directly with the rise of industry. Work determine changed dramatically when America became an industrial society. many a(prenominal) Americans no longer regard hard work as the only means to success. They want to cut corners in by-line of wealth, fame and success. The results of their efforts can be imagined, no one can change his compulsion with discover hard work. They have to face the cruel honesty that the dream rise out to be illusion.Chapter One Definition of t he American DreamWhat is the American Dream? It has been a classical question asked non only by foreigners, except more often by Americans themselves. Many historians and sociologists tend to aim different opinions. At the same time, an ordinary American citizen cant delimitate it accurately due to its complexity. That is to say, everyone has his profess under rest of the definition of the American Dream. victorious many factors concerned into consideration, a conclusion can be achieved that the American Dream can be interpreted from two categories. Firstly, the maximum American Dream. It refers to the earthal dream that contains the passion for independence, equality and democracy and to be a powerful country on world stage. On the otherwise hand, the minimal dream. It belongs to the common people. For most of them, the American Dream turns out to be near related to their daily life. It can be regarded as these specific goals, much(prenominal) as receiving higher educa tion, living a happy life with pricey salary, keeping a good health, and having a superior fond status.In station to understand the abundant definitions of the American Dream, we have to comprehend the inception and development of the American Dream. It is the American people and history that shape the importee of the American Dream.Since the birth of the united States in 1776, the definition of the American Dream has changed over the course of history. The origin of the American Dream can be traced behind to the period of colonization. The American Dream is a subject field ethos in terms of the promise of prosperity and success. The ethos indicates the ability that everyone can gain his caboodle and make impart through his participation and hard-work. With regard to the American Dream, this includes the opening night for ones children to sour up and receive a good education and locomote without artificial barriers. Its the opportunity to make individual choices without the prior restrictions that limit people with respect to their class, religion, race or ethnicity.Historian James Truslow Adams get-goly mark forward the phrase American Dream in his 1931 book large of AmericaThe American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for separately according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, excessively too many of us ourselves have gr take in weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of push back cars and high wages merely, exactly a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be qualified to attain to the fullest stature of which they atomic number 18 innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they atomic number 18, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position.He in like manner wroteThe American Dream, which has lured tens of millions of all na tions to our shores in the past century, has not been a dream of sensible plenty, though that has doubtlessly counted heavily. It has been a dream of being able to grow to fullest development as a man and woman, unhampered by the barriers which had easily been erected in the older well-behavedizations, unrepressed by social orders which had developed for the pull in of classes rather than for the simple human being of any and every class.Martin Luther mogul Jr. in his Letter from a Birmingham Jail stated that the civil rights gallery was in the quest for the black peoples American dreamWe leave alone win our liberty because the sublime heritage of our nation and the eternal impart of perfection are embodied in our echoing demands. . . . when these disinherited children of God sat d stimulate at lunch counters they were in reality standing up for what is vanquish in the American dream and for the most sacred values in our Judeo-Christian heritage, thereby bringing our n ation back to those great wells of democracy which were dug deep by the creation fathers in their formulation of the organisation and the resolving of Independence.The president Barack Obama de blendred his victory words after he win the presidential campaignIf there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a focalize where all things affirmable who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.Chapter Two Origin of the American Dream2.1 A impudent LandIn 1492, Columbus finished his voyage with the support from the exponent of Spain. He deliberated that by sailing west from Europe, he could reach Asia. He never succeeded, but instead he landed on the islands in the Caribbean Sea and discovered the refreshing humankind. This great geographic discovery of the New world opened the door to European settlers. In 1497, an Italian sailor, tail Cabot who was financed by the Eng lish powerfulness, arrived in todays Canada. Soon the English King claimed that the complete of the territory of northernmost American belonged to England. In order to en big businessman this claim, the Englishmen began to relieve oneself permanent settlements in North America.The early 17th century was the outset of a great tide of emigrates from Europe to North America. Spanning more than trinitysome(a) deoxycytidine monophosphate long time, this front grew from a trickle of a few hundred English colonists to a flood of millions of modernistic come afterrs. Impel take by powerful and respective(a) motivations, many European emigrates left their homelands for the New Land. Most of them tried to get off stinting and semipolitical oppression, to seek the freedom to practice their religion, or to visualise opportunities denied them at home.2.2 Europe in the 16th and 17th centuryDuring the nerve Ages, Europe was under the single spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic church service. The feudal system prevailed during this period of time. The peasants were tied to the soil and had to suffer the sparing and political oppression. Merchants and craftsmen were handicapped by the social disorders. By the 16th century, some new and powerful social makes began to emerge which led to great changes in Europe and the development of America.First of all, its the development of capitalism. cope the historical pillow slip Enclosure presence for instance. The Commercial Revolution had created a burgeoning textile industry, which demanded an increase supply of wool to keep the looms running. Landlords enclosed farmlands and evicted the peasants for the purpose of sheep cultivation. Colonial refinement morose to be an outlet for these dis cand peasant population.The second major force that brought about the modern development of Europe was the Renaissance, which was marked by a changing outlook on life. The Renaissance spoke highly of the disposition of humanity. The God-centered world was quarreld by the wide spread of science and technology. People began to be more confident in themselves and showed more interest in the world.The thirdly influential force was the Religious Reformation, a religious correct movement that started from Germany, then spread over the continent of Europe. In 1517, Martin Luther argued that the Pope and perform had no right to take advantage of the people for the remission of sins. He protested against the Catholic Church because of the power of abuse and corruption. Another man, John Calvin started his reform movement after Martin Luther. Calvinism soon prevailed in England and attracted many followers.In England, King Henry disagreed with the Roman Catholic Church on many political passings. On the other hand, he wanted to end his marriage with the pouffe but without the permission from the Pope. At last, King Henry broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of Englan d, and he became the principal sum of the Church of England himself.These religion reforms all challenged the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church which controlled peoples religious beliefs and interfered in political affairs of the nations.During the religious upheavals of the 16th century, a convocation of people who discontent in the Church of England and worked towards religious, moral and social reforms. They were called the Puritans. The puritans were deeply influenced by Calvinism and thought that the Church of England had become a harvest-home of political struggles and attempted to purify the Church.Such puritan beliefs were against the Church of England and undermined royal stag authority, so they were cruelly persecuted. Some of them were threw into prison and even executed for their religious beliefs. In order to escape persecution from Church and the King, many of the puritans came to North America.2.3 The Early SettlementThe first British permanent settleme nt was founded in 1607 at Jamestown, Virginia. This was cramd by the London Company with a charter which King James granted. fit to the Jamestown founder John Smith, he held the opinion that nirvana and Earth never agreed better to frame a place for mans habitationThe second English settlement was established in florists chrysanthemum Bay. It was founded by the puritans who separated themselves from the Church of England. In 1620, a small convocation of puritans took the ship Mayflower and left for North America. When they reached their destination, they drafted an agreement which was called the Mayflower nip and was signed by all the men on board.The Mayflower cram played a significant role in history. It was regarded as the first attempt of American democratic experience to set up a civil judicature for the public. More importantly, the far-reaching political principles set by the cram laid down the foundations of the democratic presidency.The puritans hoped to build a city upon hill-an rarefied community where they would live in strict with their religious beliefs and set an example for all of Christendom. The puritans had left rich cultural legacies to future Americans. The American values much(prenominal) as individualism, hard work, respect of education own very much to the puritan beliefs.2.4 The American RevolutionThrough the 18th century, the maturing British North American colonies inevitably forged a distinct identity. By the early 1760s, the 13 colonies in North America had developed a similar American pattern in politics, economy and cultural life. At the same time, the population grew vastly and they had long courses of self-government to negociate with their own issues.In September 1774, the First Continental Congress, a confrontation of colonial leaders who opposed British oppression in the colonies met in Philadelphia. These leaders urged Americans to disobey and boycott British ruling. At the same time, they began to organize militias to defend themselves. On April 19, 1775, the first shot was fired when 700 British soldiers went to catch a colonial arms depot in Lexington. Thus the American war of Independence began.2.4.1 Common SenseIn January 1776, Thomas Paine, a radical political theorist who had come to America from England in 1774 promulgated a pamphlet Common Sense. Paine had already sensed the rise of tautness and the spirit of rebellion. In the pamphlet, Paine attacked the hereditary monarchy, criticized the men who ruled as Kings, and called for the people to discard the loyalty to the King and the British Empire. He presented two choices - go on submission to a tyrannical King and an evil government, or conversance and comfort as a self-sufficient, independent republic.Common Sense soon came to be a best- handleer, which greatly inspired the peoples awareness of independence.2.4.2 contract bridge of IndependenceIn July 4, 1776, the promulgation of Independence which was drafted by Tho mas Jefferson adopted by the Congress. The Declaration officially proclaimed the independence of 13 North America coloniesWe hold these truths to be taken for granted(predicate), that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to unspoilt these rights, administrations are establishd among Men, deriving their exclusively powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to stamp out it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.The Declaration not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also put forward with the idea of human freedom and democracy. The Declaration was deeply influenced by the Enlightenm ent political philosophy, especially from the English political philosopher John Locke.John Locke came up with the social-contract theory of government. yet a government based on popular consent could secure natural rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Thomas Jefferson linked Lockes principles directly to the situation in the colonies. Thus, to repugn for American independence was to fight on behalf of ones own natural rights.The War of Independence came to end in 1781 with the victory of North America. The Treaty of genus Paris was signed in 1783 and the sovereignty of 13 colonies was acknowledged by British government. The new United States stretched west to the Mississippi River, north to Canada, and south to Florida.2.5 gum benzoin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the United States. He was born in a poor family that had little money to send him to school. He didnt alumnus with two years school learning but he continued his educati on through greedy self-learning. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin vividly portray his personal experience from a poor and lowliness boy to be a rich and notable man. All his progress he had do belonged to his own efforts to be excellent, the longing for success and the pursuit of magnificent moral.Benjamin Franklin was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment and Puritanism. He devoted himself to practice the values of thrift, hard work. He advocated democracy with self-governing institutions, and opposed to authoritarianism both political and religious.From the Autobiography, the process of realizing American Dream can be seen runly. Undoubtedly, the meaning of Benjamin Franklins success goes far beyond himself, and is thought-provoking to many Americans. Franklin set a good example for other people to follow and his experience is the best explanation of the American Dream.Chapter Three Development of the American Dream3.1 The policy-making SystemThe Treaty of Pairs in 17 83 recognized the independence of the United States and the power 13 colonies became 13 states of America. Although the Declaration of Independence proclaimed that 13 colonies are, and of right to be free and independent states, they had no idea about the future political system of the United States. They had to face the fact that a new nation couldnt grow well without a suitable and effective political system.3.1.1The Federal ConstitutionWhen the American Revolution was over, the United States was not one unified nation as it is today. According to the Articles of Confederation, each state had its own government and handled all of its internal affairs. To make way outs worse, the Congress didnt have the authority to ask any state to do anything. For example, it could not tax any citizen or to regulate commence among the states.Faced with home(prenominal) difficulties and outside challenge and threat from European powers, a more powerful and effective government was desperately n eeded in order to safeguard independence and freedom. Only in this way could each state work in concert and the country be powerful enough to protect the peoples interests. First of all, a Constitution was badly needed to replace the Articles of Confederation.The delegates from 12 states without Rhode Island attended the Constitution gathering in 1787. During the convention, James Madison, later the forth President of the United States, took a leading role with his remarkable contributions to the work of Constitution, and earned him the title stimulate of the Constitution. After over tercet months discussions, debates and compromises, the Constitution came out at last.The preface to the Constitution states the purpose of the governmentWe the People of the United States, in show to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posteri ty, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.3.1.2 Three Branches of GovernmentAccording to the Constitution, a federal system was set up with a inviolate central government. To protect the democracy and defend against a tyranny, the government consists of three parts, the executive, the legislative and the judicial. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of limiting any wrongful action at law by another branch. This is called the principle of checks and balances3.1.3 Bill of RightsThe Constitution of 1787 didnt make it clear to protect individual rights. The calls for amendments protecting individual rights were cursorily solved by Congress. In 1791, Congress adopted ten amendments to make them part of the Constitution. To all Americans, they are known as the Bill of Rights. According to it, Americans have the freedom of speech, press, religion and the right to assemble peacefully, protest and demand changes. 3.2 Westward MovementWestward Movement was one of the solemn and meaningful parts of American history. In the extension of American boundaries from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast, the nation occupied vast land in the middle and west. The frontier locomote in a westward direction for nearly 300 years across the wilderness and barren plains.The road to the west was full of difficulties and danger, but these settlers went on and never gave up. Go west and grow with the county became a famous motto to these settlers. Once an English traveler described these frontier settlers as a daring, hardly race of men, who live in miserable cabin. They are unpolished but hospitable, kind to strangers, honest and trust expenditureyFrederick Jackson food turner was one of the most renowned American historians and an advocate of Westward Movement. He declared that the frontier was significant in American history and made America more than an extension of Europe. It had created a nation with a nuance that was different from Europe, not only more pragmatic and energetic, but also more emphasis on individuality and democracy.Its hard to believe that three centuries of Westward Movement had no impact on the national character. For the descendents of European, they explored the wilderness West land with the purpose of making a better life. They were commonly described as the pioneers of American, and full of courage and intelligence. They made remarkable progress to the development of the country.On the other hand, the negative effects of Westward Movement should not be ignored. There is no denying that Westward Movement was a bloody and brutal process. America pillaged the land of Texas, New Mexico and atomic number 20 through a war of conquest against Mexico. Its a nightmare for subjective Americans because of the ruthless treatment from American whites. Also it caused the destruction of the natural purlieu in the west.3.3 The Civil WarDuring the 1850s, the issue of thrall severed the political bonds that held the United States together. The appeal for abolishing slavery had aroused deep concern all over the country. In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Toms Cabin a novel portrayed the cruelty of slavery and billeted out the fundamental conflict between North and South. American had to face the fact that America was both a freedom-loving and slave-holding society. The issue of slavery had impeded the further development of the nation.Abraham Lincoln had long regarded slavery as an evil. He believed that slavery should be restricted and eventually abolished. In 1858, Lincoln declared thatA sept divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved-I do not expect the house to fall-but I do expect it will cease to be divided.3.3.1 liberty annunciationliberty Proclamation was one of the greatest documents in American history. It pla yed a significant role during the Civil War. The preliminary Emancipation Proclamation declared that all slaves in states rebelling against the Union were free. In pragmatic terms, the proclamation had little immediate impact. It freed slaves only in the Confederate states, firearm leaving slavery intact in the Union. The final Emancipation Proclamation authorized the recruitment of African Americans into the union army.Emancipation Proclamation was just the beginning of the efforts toward abolishment of slavery. The 13th Amendment to the Constitution adopted in 1865 by Congress finally abolished slavery.3.3.2 Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address is a speech by President Abraham Lincoln and is one of the best-known speeches in history. It was delivered at the lettering of the solders national cemetery in Gettysburg. Battle of Gettysburg was regarded as the turning point in the Civil War. Lincoln invoked the principles of human equality stated by the Declaration and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union, but as a new birth of freedom that would bring true equality to all of its citizens and ensure the survival of Americans democracy, that the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.3.4 A Society of Affluence amid two great wars-the Civil War and the First World War-the United States came of age. In a period of less than 50 years it was transform from a rural country to an urban nation. Great changes had taken place around the country.The last decades of the 19th century were a period of empurpled expansion for the United States. With the development of its power, America started to pursue its own national dream-to be a powerful country on the world stage. In order to safeguard its own interests, the United States had to stake out spheres of scotch influence. More generally, the doctrine of manifest destiny first used to reassert Americas expansion.Some Americans verbalised thei r discontent with the character of modern life in the 1920s. The decade was called the Jazz Age, the Roaring Twenties, or the era of flaming youth. World War I had overturned the traditional social and moral order. large number prosperity enabled an open and hedonistic life style for the people.The aftermath of World War II exacerbated the ethical shift as a consumer destination blossomed and Americans became preoccupied with material goods. As one critic noted, consumed by desires for status, material goods, and acceptance, Americans apparently had lost the sense of individuality, thrift, hard work, and craftsmanship that had characterized the nation.The result of this shift in work ethic had actually spurred rather than lessened the peoples desire to achieve the American Dream. People lost their traditional values, beliefs and the motive force to success, and felt cheated by the society. They found that the dream in the past turned out to be an illusion The American Dream didnt exist at all.3.5 The Disadvantaged GroupsIn the United States, any group other than the rife white Anglo-Saxon Protestant majority is a minority group in American society. These racial and ethnic minorities mainly refer to the blacks, autochthonous Americans, the Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Although they are the minority groups, they should have been treated equal and own the rights as same as the whites. They also have their desires for the American Dream. Take the blacks for instance their dreams were deeply rooted in the American dream.Although black slaves were turn as a result of the Civil War and granted canonical civil rights according to the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution, there was still a huge gap between the whites and blacks. During the mid-1950s, Civil Rights Movement reached its peak. Protest movement against racial segregation and discrimination became widespread in the southern America. This movement rooted in the centuries-long efforts of Afri can slaves and their descendents to resist racial oppression and abolish the institution of slavery.Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He was famous for his work to end racial segregation and discrimination by the means of nonviolent methods. So he won his fame from the whole world and became a Nobel Peace Prize winner. King led the march on Washington, where he delivered his speech-I Have a Dream. From the words below, the promise for the blacks American dream was obviously expressed.I say to you today, my friends, that in malevolency of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal.I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of origin slaves and the sons of former slave owners wi ll be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood.3.6 A New Age3.6.1The American Dream under the economic crisisThe financial crisis from 2007 until now is considered to be the strike financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The collapse of the housing bubble triggered the economic crisis which resulted in the bankruptcy of large financial institutions and downturns in stock markets all around the world. It contributes to the large number of the unemployed, the decline of consumer wealth. Many families have no money to pay the debts of housing mortgage loan and lose the prank to make a living. Americans have to face the fact that American Dream turned out to be an illusion once again. They have to sell out their cars and houses, cut down the expense of family and education for kidsHome self-will is one of the most important symbols in the traditional American Dream. exactly now the owner of the house is turning to the slave of the house. The people are t ired of tax cuts for the wealthy that shift the burden to the backs of working people. They are tired of waiting years for the increase of wage while CEOs pays are soaring. They are tired of living without health care and falling into poverty.3.6.2 Barack Obama Reclaiming the American DreamBarack Obama is the first African-American President in history. His story is regarded as an example of the American Dream. His father came from Kenya and mother was from Kansas. With the help from his grandparents, he was increase in Hawaii. Hard work and education were the means of getting ahead.The year of 2008 was not only the year of election, but also in the thick of economic crisis. Its a period of hard time for most of Americans. During the presidential election, a lot of Americans were deeply touched by Barack Obamas election catchword Change We Need. It aroused echoes in their hearts. Just as Obama said, The time has come to bridge the growing divide between Main Street and surround St reet. The American Dream is slipping out of reach.During the process of campaigning for President, Obama expressed the idea of reclaiming the American Dream many times. He believed that the American Dreams were worth fighting for because it belonged to every American.Its the dream of his grandfather who serviced in the army and go his family west in search of opportunity. Its the dream of his grandmother who got up at dawn and worked twice as hard at her job because a woman had to work harder to go ahead. Its the dream of his father who crossed an marine because America offered the light to him. Its the dream of his mother who was a single mom and knew the meaning of life.Chapter Four Comments on the American DreamThe American Dream as the motive force has inspired Americans to chase the happiness and perfectness. On the other hand, theres no denying that the huge gap between dream and reality does exist. Many Americans have to face the fact that their dreams turn out to be nothin g. After hundred years of development, the definition of American Dream has changed over the course of history. The spirit of thrift advocated by the Puritanism has been replaced by the extreme individualism. Many people and companies aspire to material wealth by hook or by crook regardless of justice and moral principles.America was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fall far short of that ideal. The inequality is not simply a matter of distinctions between social classes. The class divisions often parallel racial and pagan divisions. American society is dominated by Anglo-Saxon whites. They were the first settlers and quickly took control of economic assets and political power in America, and they have maintain this control until now. Immigrants from other nations have had to struggle hard to become assimilated into the mainstream of American life. Some have shared in the American Dream, but other disadvantaged groups have been excluded by different kinds of barriers from equal participation in American life. To a small number of people, they realize the American Dream and hav

A Comparison of Schools in the U.S. and Japan Essay -- Essays Papers J

A Comparison of Schools in the U.S. and japanIn Nipponese indoctrinates, from elementary schools to universities, teachers direct what students should do or how they should be. Students travel along the school rules and the directions of teachers. In American schools, on the other hand, students have to be more independent than japanese students in many ways. Because of differences surrounded by Japanese and American schools, Japanese students who begin to study in an American school are shocked, and they take a pretty long time to sort out themselves to the way of American schools. Differences between schools in the 2 countries are seen in classrooms and during classes the modal value of lectures, the descent between student and teachers, and the style of examinations.First, many Japanese students are surprised by American schools because American students pay often attention to teachers, and also they interrupt teachers to ask questions or to express their opinions. The sty le of teaching in the U.S. is completely different from Japan, especially in two points. One difference is that teachers in Japan expect students to be softened in classes. In general, teachers explain the content of textbooks, hand-outs, and other materials. But in American schools, teachers think class participation is rattling important, and they require students to pass around their opinions or ask questions in classes. Another difference is that teachers in Japan write down important things on a blackboard, but teachers in the U.S. seldom write every(prenominal)thing they just explain orally. Japanese students are very quiet during classes, and all they do is listen to teachers and copy what teachers write on blackboards. They seldom ask questions during classes but ask friends or teac... ... classes.School dodges, including evaluate systems and examination styles, in Japan and the U.S. are quite different. Also, the relationship between students and teachers is complete ly different. Most Japanese students who transfer from Japanese schools to American schools, or who go to an American school after they graduate from a Japanese school, may be shocked by the new and different systems and the relationship to their teachers. For Japanese students, the way of American schools seems very difficult--to attend classes, to study, and to understand the system itself--but they also notice that they can study and live to the fullest as a student, as they talk or argue for or against other students or teachers in the classes. Also, they can get satisfaction from learning and understanding every class through the relationship between teachers and other students.

Economic Growth In The United States :: essays research papers fc

Economic yieldin theUnited StatesEconomic harvest-feast can be defined as increases in per capita real gross domestic product (gross domestic product) measured by its prescribe of transfer per year. Growth order atomic number 18 very heavy because rase a small change can make vast passing in the coming years. The knowledge of scotch harvest-festival is also important because it can provide the operator to allow us to gain precious insights. According to Robert D. McTeer, president and pass executive officer of the Federal allow Bank of Dallas, two factors model the rate of economic growth productiveness increases (more output for the same union of inputs), and boil (the number of hours worked).Productivity in the United States, due to late innovations (that are coming together subsequently years of investment), is growing to levels not seen since the 1960s. For example productiveness growth has totald 2.3 part from 1996 to 1999, doubling the 1.1 per centum av erage productivity growth from 1973 to 1995. At a rate of two percent from 1996 to 1999, labor has also increased, as unemployment expend and welfare recipients have gone to work. The economy has been growing at a rate of about 4.5 percent each year, due to this.     How invariably, the increase in the workforce , or hours worked, limits labor growth. Again, according to McTeer, in the long run, productivity growth is the key to advance living standards. On another note, in that respect are many benefits that go along with the economic elaboration we are experiencing. The electric current economic expanding upon has commonly been referred to by economists as "The 1990s Economic Boom", because the current growth of the U.S. economy is the longest ever in peacetime. Economists observe that this expansion has benefited nearly every American. According to the reports of the self-confidence of Labor Statistics, more than tether out of every four jobs created from 1989 to 1995 were highly-paid professionals and managerial positions. The Council of Economic Advisers reported that in 1995 and 1996, more than half of new jobs created were in fields where the average profit ranked in the top third of all salaries. Another considerable benefit according to the Investors transmission line Daily January 19, 1999 publication, is that 1.67 million families leave welfare rolls, and 1.74 million more wholeness parents found jobs. Though this economic expansion has been the longest since World struggle II (according to the New York Times, October 18, 1998), growth during the 1990s has been weaker than during any growth beat since the end of the war.Economic Growth In The United States essays research papers fc Economic Growthin theUnited StatesEconomic growth can be defined as increases in per capita real GDP (gross domestic product) measured by its rate of change per year. Growth rates are very important because even a small chang e can make vast difference in the coming years. The knowledge of economic growth is also important because it can provide the means to allow us to gain valuable insights. According to Robert D. McTeer, president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, two factors determine the rate of economic growth productivity increases (more output for the same amount of inputs), and labor (the number of hours worked).Productivity in the United States, due to new innovations (that are coming together after years of investment), is growing to levels not seen since the 1960s. For example productivity growth has averaged 2.3 percent from 1996 to 1999, doubling the 1.1 percent average productivity growth from 1973 to 1995. At a rate of two percent from 1996 to 1999, labor has also increased, as unemployment fell and welfare recipients have gone to work. The economy has been growing at a rate of about 4.5 percent each year, due to this.     However, the increase in the workforce , or hours worked, limits labor growth. Again, according to McTeer, in the long run, productivity growth is the key to rising living standards. On another note, there are many benefits that go along with the economic expansion we are experiencing. The current economic expansion has commonly been referred to by economists as "The 1990s Economic Boom", because the current growth of the U.S. economy is the longest ever in peacetime. Economists observe that this expansion has benefited nearly every American. According to the reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, more than three out of every four jobs created from 1989 to 1995 were highly-paid professionals and managerial positions. The Council of Economic Advisers reported that in 1995 and 1996, more than half of new jobs created were in fields where the average wage ranked in the top third of all salaries. Another great benefit according to the Investors Business Daily January 19, 1999 publication , is that 1.67 million families left welfare rolls, and 1.74 million more single parents found jobs. Though this economic expansion has been the longest since World War II (according to the New York Times, October 18, 1998), growth during the 1990s has been weaker than during any growth cycle since the end of the war.

herody Free Essays Homers Odyssey: Odysseus as Heroic Archetype :: Homer Odyssey Essays

Odysseus asArchetype of a HeroinThe Odyssey Odysseus, of Homers Odyssey, is an appropriate hero and principle of Ithaca. He does not act irrationally but contemplates his actions and their implications. Odysseus is an appropriate hero because he embodies the values of bravery, intelligence, astuteness, and competency. Odysseus is an appropriate ruler for Ithaca by virtue of his hereditary right to queenship as well as his diplomatic skills, familiarity with his male subjects, discipline, and his impartiality and compassion. However, he is a character that does call for a foolish decision. There is a rare instance when his pluck supersedes his intellectual ability. Odysseus is an appropriate hero for he embodies the values of bravery, intelligence, astuteness, and competency. While he trying to return home from Ilium, numerous suitors attempt to seduce his wife, Penelope. However, when he returns Odysseus cleverly plans and carries out the demise of the evil and wasteful suitors w ith the help of Athena, goddess of cognition Come on Athena weave me a plan to punish them the suitors. Odysseus scholarship is admired by Athena, the goddess of that aptness. Athena is also impressed by his struggle heroics and so she endeavors to provide him with succor And you didnt know Pallas Athenaia the daughter of genus Zeus himself, your faithful stand-by and guardian in all your labours With Athenas assistance Odysseus becomes a real hero. Odysseus is the epitome of honor and virtue for his Ithacan subjects. Odysseus kind and stalwart leadership is revealed by Eumaios, his faithful swineherd, and Philoitios, his loyal cowherd, who have both remained loyal to him for twenty years. Eumaios praises Odysseus as A rare fine master. Indeed I do not mourn so much for them as for him Odysseus, though I colossal to see em again and my native land, but I do spend Odysseus since he went away. I dont like to speak his name, man, although he is absent, but I call him his honour, even when he is far away. Odysseus is a befitting king because it is his ancestral right, for he is familiar with his male subjects and understands their desires. Odysseus equity and mercy is displayed later on his triumph over the suitors, whom he executed because of their lawless behavior. However, Odysseus shows compassion by allowing Phemius, the minstrel suitor, and Medon, a herald suitor to live. Cheer up, my son has relieve your life.